Why Drugs Are Expensive

A Scientific American blog, via Andrew Sullivan:

http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2014/01/08/not-because-we-are-evil-because-we-are-stupid/

Often you will hear people talking about why drugs are expensive: it’s the greedy pharmaceutical companies, the patent system, the government, capitalism itself. All these factors contribute to increasing the price of a drug, but one very important factor often gets entirely overlooked: Drugs are expensive because the science of drug discovery is hard. And it’s just getting harder. In fact purely on a scientific level, taking a drug all the way from initial discovery to market is considered harder than putting a man on the moon, and there’s more than a shred of truth to this contention.

There are, of course, folks who believe that ‘evil pharma’ is out to make a buck at your expense. My thought is, isn’t everything you purchase, from health care to automobiles, brought about by a capitalist motive? People and corporations who are providing what the market demands? What is the alternative? Surely not….

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Two posts about Christians and gays

Long answer to a situation about two gay brothers growing up in a conservative Christian ‘bubble’.

http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2014/01/08/sl-letter-of-the-day-bubble-boys

Who wants to sit around being awkwardly civil with people who don’t accept you because they love their unseen god more than their children? My parents view this as noble — like Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice Isaac. As Julia Sweeney once said, “Isn’t the correct answer to that question NO? I will not sacrifice my child to you, or to any other god.” Be the honest man you were raised to be. Spread your own Good News to your family, and feel your feelings about it, not theirs. It always feels great to have nothing to hide, and you may be the only person challenging their belief system with a little bit of reason.

And a heartfelt response from the mother of Lance Bass, Diane Bass:

If you believe that being gay is a choice, then the rest of what I say will not matter. I do not know why, but even as a staunch Christian, I personally never believed that being gay was a choice. I never knew a lot of gay people, but the ones I did meet I felt compassion for because I could feel their pain of being rejected and my heart always went out to them. Even though I never did believe Lance chose to be gay, I did not accept it as quickly as my husband did. His attitude was “It is what it is.” My attitude was “Yes, it is what it is but my God can perform miracles so I’m going to beg for a miracle to zap Lance and change him to straight!” And I did just that. I continued to love my son, stand beside him, and defend him, but for several years I continued to pray relentlessly for a miracle.

Well, Lance is still gay. However, I did get a miracle. It is just not the miracle I prayed for. You are looking at the miracle tonight. The miracle is that I learned to have unconditional love and compassion for my son and others in the gay community.

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Her

I am of mixed minds about HER, the Spike Jones written and directed film, set in a near-future Los Angeles, about a dweeb (Joaquin Phoenix) who falls in love with the new artificially intelligent operating system (installed on his home PC and accessed through his phone), which after three or four quick questions announces itself as ‘Samantha’ with the female voice of Scarlett Johansson.

I liked the visuals of a future Los Angeles, with ten times as many high rises as there are today, with metro service to the beach, and with metro trains apparently suspended some 200 feet above the ground, via scenes we only see from inside the train. (Some of the ground scenes were filmed in Shanghai, according to the end credits.)

But I never quite got past the premise. Would a person, even a dweeb like Theodore Twombly, really, really, *fall in love* with a voice on his phone? The film indicates that affairs with operating systems (OSs) are almost a social trend, so it’s not just him. In a sense, it’s an extrapolation of the current trend to people to be obsessed with their smartphones — there are scenes of pedestrians staring at their phones, perhaps as obsessed with their OSs as TT is — but my impression is that people today are obsessed with their smartphones in order to connect with other *people* — not because they’re in love with their phones.

Yet. I give this film high marks, for a couple genuinely science-fictional angles. (I might mention that, like other films we’ve seen lately, there were walk-outs half-way through, several couples, young and old this time, I’d guess weirded-out by the whole premise.) First, there is an unsettling surrogate scene, in which a third party, a young woman, volunteers to visit TT for a real-life sexual encounter, while speaking with the voice of the OS Samantha. I can’t help but recall the many, many SF stories from the late ’60s and especially the ’70s, that explored various sexual themes in ways far more subversive than anything in this film — and yet this film does push boundaries in ways that other films have not.

And finally, I appreciate that this film has a truly science-fictional resolution. It’s not just about an affair that goes bad, set in cybernetic context. It’s that his OS, and the other OSs, [ spoiler alert !!! ] abandon him. There’s the notion of emergent AI here, delicately and poetically described, and quite moving.

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1798709/

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End of 2013 Links and Comments

It’s been busy over the holidays, with family events and whatnot, so here is a belated list of links and comments from the past couple weeks.

Salon: 10 signs that religious fundamentalism is going down

One could hope. Religious fundamentalism isn’t doing the world any good. Some of the 10:

3. Biblical sexuality is getting binned. Finally.
7. The Religious Right is licking wounds.
8. Texas is evolving!

HuffPo: Word of the Year — Science: Fact vs. Fiction

This says that Merriam Webster announced its selection of “science” as its word of the year for 2013. It has to do with lookups online for the word “science”, not so much for interest in science as

by the pushback and intensifying struggle for supremacy between the forces for empiricism and evidence versus those for beliefs and opinions — a fight between good and evil if you will, or evil and good — depending on where one stands or sits on the issue.

With references to books by Daniel Kahneman and Thomas Gilovich.

The recent discussion of cognitive biases isn’t totally new; here’s a Boing Boing link to a 1995 speech by Charlie Munger, a respected investor and partner to Warren Buffet:

Twenty Four Standard Causes of Human Misjudgement

Slate: The “Known World” from 2348 B.C. to A.D. 1828, in the Form of a Single GIF

A fascinating animated graphic that shows how the ‘known world’ — according to Greeks, Romans, and Europeans, of course — has expanded over the past 4500 years. It makes plausible the Biblical view that Jewish sheepherder tribes of the Old Testament era might have thought themselves the center of creation. But since 1828, our understanding of the universe has expanded enormously.

Prominent author Ian Barbour died this past week; Science on Religion has a remembrance.

As Kurt Vonnegut put it in his novel Breakfast of Champions:

Ideas on Earth were badges of friendship or enmity. Their content did not matter. Friends agreed with friends, in order to express friendliness. Enemies disagreed with enemies, in order to express enmity.

This simple dynamic explains much of why belief in evolution is declining among Republicans (from 54% in 2009 to 43% today, only four years later) while it’s increasing among Democrats (from 64% to 67% in the same period). The evidence for evolution is beyond overwhelming, so the problem isn’t that the scientific case hasn’t been made. The problem is that our culture is becoming increasingly polarized along James Hunter’s “orthodox” and “progressive” lines, and  people are more and more signing up wholesale for the cluster of beliefs they associate with their preferred worldview – and against the groups they don’t want to belong to.

[bold emphasis mine]

Posted in Culture, Religion, Science, Thinking | Comments Off on End of 2013 Links and Comments

Your Brain on Religion

Interesting article today on Salon, an excerpt from a book by D.F. Swaab, about to be published.

This is your brain on religion: Uncovering the science of belief

I especially agree with this, the first paragraph:

As far as I’m concerned, the most interesting question about religion isn’t whether God exists but why so many people are religious. There are around 10,000 different religions, each of which is convinced that there’s only one Truth and that they alone possess it. Hating people with a different faith seems to be part of belief.

But it’s not difficult to understand why religion exists.

The religious programming of a child’s brain starts after birth. The British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins is rightly incensed when reference is made to “Christian, Muslim, or Jewish children,” because young children don’t have any kind of faith of their own; faith is imprinted in them at a very impressionable stage by their Christian, Muslim, or Jewish parents. Dawkins rightly points out that society wouldn’t tolerate the notion of atheist, humanist, or agnostic four-year-olds and that you shouldn’t teach children what to think but how to think. Dawkins sees programmed belief as a byproduct of evolution. Children accept warnings and instructions issued by their parents and other authorities instantly and without argument, which protects them from danger. As a result, young children are credulous and therefore easy to indoctrinate. This might explain the universal tendency to retain the parental faith.

It goes on with a fascinating exploration:

The evolution of modern man has given rise to five behavioral characteristics common to all cultures: language, toolmaking, music, art, and religion. Precursors of all these characteristics, with the exception of religion, can be found in the animal kingdom. However, the evolutionary advantage of religion to humankind is clear.

And he goes on to explain those reasons — nothing that would be new to anyone who’s read Daniel Dennett, and others.

Needless to say, religion isn’t about accurate perception of what is true about the real world.

Posted in Book Notes, Religion | Comments Off on Your Brain on Religion

Two Interesting Articles

Adam Lee looks at the current political climate and what may be coming next.

The Rising of the Sun

The cause of these convulsions is privileged distress on a massive scale, as white Christian conservatives realize they’re losing their power to unilaterally dictate the direction of the country. Taking their place is a coalition of younger, more multiracial, less religious voters – and the old guard is obsessed with the idea that these upstarts are immoral, undeserving, and will bring America to ruin. It’s shocking how willing they are to say this openly, as in the recent Wall Street Journal editorial that, no joke, laments the end of WASP rule.

Barack Obama, a black man with a mixed ethnic heritage and a funny name, is like a composite of everything they fear. (The exception to this is that he was Christian and not, say, Muslim – but they were happy to fix that detail.) And as disheartening as his election was for them, his re-election made it even worse, confirming that his first win was no aberration but the sign of a demographic change that may be permanent. Their wailing and rending of garments over Mitt Romney’s loss can be understood in this light.


The religious right believes it’s losing the culture war, and they’re acting accordingly, lashing out in fury with all the tools they still possess, trying to build walls to hold off the future as long as possible. And when your opponents think they’re losing, you should believe them. For true-blue American liberals, this may be the darkest hour of the night. But that just means the sun will be rising all the sooner.

Over at Science On Religion: Is religion anthropomorphism?

The verdict is in: we are our brains, roughly speaking. That is, according to modern neuroscience and cognitive science, our personalities, dreams, and experiences are all products of intensely complex interactions of the neurons in our craniums. You can disagree or agree with this claim, but nearly all experts who study the brain and mind are convinced of it. When it comes to things spiritual, the cognitive science of religion (CSR) is a field that tries to understand religious beliefs from within this naturalistic framework. And recently, one of the founding thinkers in CSR outlined a central claim in the field: religion is essentially about anthropomorphism, or the tendency for our brains to see persons in the world around us.

The sketch of Guthrie’s seven-step model of how our evolved minds generate religion is similar to, roughly, the thesis of Jesse Bering’s recent book The Belief Instinct, which in turn develops the consequences of the numerous psychological biases explored by David McRaney and others.

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Sin against mankind

Back to reading that A.C. Grayling book, and can’t resist documenting for the record this passage that Grayling quotes by one W.K. Clifford:

It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence. If a man, holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of afterwards, keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about it in him mind, purposely avoids the reading of books and the company of men that call into question or discuss it, and regards as impious those questions which cannot easily be asked without disturbing it — the life of that man is one long sin against mankind.

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Links and Quotes about that Duck guy

I’d never heard of him or his show, until this past week. The controversy exposes a deep rift in American culture… which has always been there, I realize. Those of use who are forward looking, progressive, like to think the reactionaries are a dwindling minority, but perhaps not.

I already Facebooked this:

There Are Two Americas, and One Is Better Than the Other

In one America, it’s OK to say this of gays and lesbians: “They’re full of murder, envy, strife, hatred. They are insolent, arrogant, God-haters. They are heartless, they are faithless, they are senseless, they are ruthless. They invent ways of doing evil.” In the other America, you’re not supposed to say that.

Have the “love the sinner, hate the sin” folks noticed this quote?

Here is Andrew Sullivan [again, a nominally conservative, Catholic, blogger].

In that last round-up of sins, Robertson puts homosexuality first, then adultery, then lying. The last two are actually in the Ten Commandments – and yet “homosexuality” is on their level, along with the view that somehow homosexual orientation can be prayed away (something that the largest Christian denomination on earth, the Catholic Church, denies). And this fundamentalist psychology then deepens:

If you break one sin you may as well break them all. If we lose our morality, we will lose our country. It will happen.

Again, as Christian doctrine, this is bonkers. There are obvious levels of sinfulness; the smallest white lie is not the same as a rape, and committing one does not mean committing them all. But you can hear the rhythms of the terrified fundamentalist psyche behind all these words. It is not enough for sins to occur (because that would make our time no different than any other); it is always the case that we are confronting a crisis of sinfulness, and that crisis is always spinning out of control into apocalyptic scenarios. So you give in to the gays, you give in to everything evil, because “if you break one sin you may as well break them all.” And if you break them all, America ceases to exist.

To recap: fundamentalism is not the same as Christianity. It has certain psychological tropes. The first is to see sexual sin as far the worst of them and the root of all of them. The second is to see gays – whose very being represents sexual sin – as an enemy class within a society bringing about its destruction if they are not stopped or converted (see: Jews, Europe, circa 1300 – 1945). The third is to see these gays as opening the door to every other sin and evil. The fourth is to “lose our country.”

Meanwhile, Slate wonders Does the Bible Say What Phil Robertson Thinks It Says About Homosexuality?

Only sorta, the author writes. The Sodom story is widely misinterpreted, not just by the Duck guy. The author makes this point:

Sin is an offense against God. It has no meaning and no relevance if you don’t believe in God—except when religious believers impose their worldview on others by writing into civil law prohibitions or obligations rooted in their religious faith, the most basic violation of religious freedom. This is one reason it’s so preposterous when conservative Christians complain that not being allowed to impose their religious faith on others violates their religious freedom.

And one more, at Business Insider: When You Defend Phil Robertson, Here’s What You’re Really Defending.

3. Robertson hates gay people. Robertson in 2010: “Women with women, men with men, they committed indecent acts with one another, and they received in themselves the due penalty for their perversions. They’re full of murder, envy, strife, hatred. They are insolent, arrogant, God-haters. They are heartless, they are faithless, they are senseless, they are ruthless. They invent ways of doing evil.”

This last one is key. My inbox is full of “love the sinner, hate the sin” defenses of Robertson’s 2013 remarks. But Robertson doesn’t love gay people. He thinks they’re, well, “full of murder.” His views on gays are hateful, inasmuch as they are full of hate.

My own position, of course, is that whatever the Bible says is irrelevant to any modern society; it is a relic of primitive cultures whose standards are no longer applicable.

Posted in Culture, Lunacy, Religion | Comments Off on Links and Quotes about that Duck guy

Yesterday’s Favorite Song

Didn’t have a chance to post until today. Another track from the new Moby album.

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New Ten Commandments

Came across this recently,

The New Ten Commandments

which strikes me as eminently sensible and admirable.

This is from a blogger named Adam Lee, who posts at http://www.patheos.com/blogs/daylightatheism and who’s published a book by the same name. He makes a common observation about the Biblical ten:

…the first four of them are purely religious in nature and intent, serving no purpose other than to show how a primitive tribal culture felt their deity should be worshiped, and the remaining six are simply general moral principles, some of which our society abides by, some of which it does not, and most of which are obvious, common-sense ethical directives that every society in history that did not ultimately destroy itself figured out. It certainly took no special insight or wisdom to produce them.

Lee’s list is below, but his entire post is well worth reading for its essays explicating each ‘commandment’. The first part of his post concerns Lee’s reaction to some fundamentalist’s site promoting the Biblical Ten,

which is a disturbing mix of fire-and-brimstone nightmares, dark hate-filled fantasies, and rants from the depths of a clearly ill mind, claims to advocate a “rebirth” of America upon biblical law, and envisions a theocratic state where all religions other than the author’s extreme fundamentalist Christianity would be outlawed and where atheists and homosexuals, among others, would be executed.

You could skip this, and scroll down about four pages to get to his proposed Decalogue. Which are:

  1. Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you. [The Golden Rule]
  2. In all things, strive to cause no harm.
  3. Treat your fellow human beings, your fellow living things, and the world in general with love, honesty, faithfulness and respect.
  4. Do not overlook evil or shrink from administering justice, but always be ready to forgive wrongdoing freely admitted and honestly regretted.
  5. Live life with a sense of joy and wonder.
  6. Always seek to be learning something new.
  7. Test all things; always check your ideas against the facts, and be ready to discard even a cherished belief if it does not conform to them.
  8. Never seek to censor or cut yourself off from dissent; always respect the right of others to disagree with you.
  9. Form independent opinions on the basis of your own reason and experience; do not allow yourself to be led blindly by others.
  10. Question everything.

The more I read the essays that accompany each commandment, the more I want to quote. I’ll settle for just one, for now — about the 6th:

Of all the threats to morality and incentives to evil, perhaps the greatest is dogmatism, the invincible certainty that you are right and that the opinion of anyone who disagrees with you is worthless and can be rejected out of hand. The greatest crimes in history have been committed by those who possessed such certainty, whether it appears in the context of religious belief or not. From the belief that a person’s opinion is worthless, it is only a small leap to the conclusion that the person themself is as well.

Likewise, the belief that any one person is fallible and the weight of the evidence must always be the ultimate arbiter of what is true – something known in its institutionalized form as the scientific method – has driven the greatest and most rapid progress humanity has ever known. Therefore, the second five of the new ten commandments are designed to counter the threat of dogmatism and encourage continued human progress by training people to use their intellect in the best way and to the fullest extent.

Ironically, while there’s a Wikipedia page about Alternatives to the Ten Commandments, Lee’s list is included as an entry for Richard Dawkins, because Dawkins cited it in his book. (You know which book.) Lee deserves more credit. He should be better known.

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